2 Samuel 3:31

Authorized King James Version

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And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him, Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. And king David himself followed the bier.

Original Language Analysis

וַיֹּאמֶר֩ said H559
וַיֹּאמֶר֩ said
Strong's: H559
Word #: 1 of 21
to say (used with great latitude)
דָּוִ֔ד And David H1732
דָּוִ֔ד And David
Strong's: H1732
Word #: 2 of 21
david, the youngest son of jesse
אֶל H413
אֶל
Strong's: H413
Word #: 3 of 21
near, with or among; often in general, to
יוֹאָ֜ב to Joab H3097
יוֹאָ֜ב to Joab
Strong's: H3097
Word #: 4 of 21
joab, the name of three israelites
וְאֶל H413
וְאֶל
Strong's: H413
Word #: 5 of 21
near, with or among; often in general, to
כָּל H3605
כָּל
Strong's: H3605
Word #: 6 of 21
properly, the whole; hence, all, any or every (in the singular only, but often in a plural sense)
הָעָ֣ם and to all the people H5971
הָעָ֣ם and to all the people
Strong's: H5971
Word #: 7 of 21
a people (as a congregated unit); specifically, a tribe (as those of israel); hence (collectively) troops or attendants; figuratively, a flock
אֲשֶׁר H834
אֲשֶׁר
Strong's: H834
Word #: 8 of 21
who, which, what, that; also (as an adverb and a conjunction) when, where, how, because, in order that, etc
אִתּ֗וֹ H854
אִתּ֗וֹ
Strong's: H854
Word #: 9 of 21
properly, nearness (used only as a preposition or an adverb), near; hence, generally, with, by, at, among, etc
קִרְע֤וּ that were with him Rend H7167
קִרְע֤וּ that were with him Rend
Strong's: H7167
Word #: 10 of 21
to rend, literally or figuratively (revile, paint the eyes, as if enlarging them)
בִגְדֵיכֶם֙ your clothes H899
בִגְדֵיכֶם֙ your clothes
Strong's: H899
Word #: 11 of 21
a covering, i.e., clothing
וְחִגְר֣וּ and gird H2296
וְחִגְר֣וּ and gird
Strong's: H2296
Word #: 12 of 21
to gird on (as a belt, armor, etc.)
שַׂקִּ֔ים you with sackcloth H8242
שַׂקִּ֔ים you with sackcloth
Strong's: H8242
Word #: 13 of 21
properly, a mesh (as allowing a liquid to run through), i.e., coarse loose cloth or sacking (used in mourning and for bagging); hence, a bag (for grai
וְסִפְד֖וּ and mourn H5594
וְסִפְד֖וּ and mourn
Strong's: H5594
Word #: 14 of 21
properly, to tear the hair and beat the breasts (as middle easterners do in grief); generally to lament; by implication, to wail
לִפְנֵ֣י before H6440
לִפְנֵ֣י before
Strong's: H6440
Word #: 15 of 21
the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposi
אַבְנֵ֑ר Abner H74
אַבְנֵ֑ר Abner
Strong's: H74
Word #: 16 of 21
abner, an israelite
וְהַמֶּ֣לֶךְ And king H4428
וְהַמֶּ֣לֶךְ And king
Strong's: H4428
Word #: 17 of 21
a king
דָּוִ֔ד And David H1732
דָּוִ֔ד And David
Strong's: H1732
Word #: 18 of 21
david, the youngest son of jesse
הֹלֵ֖ךְ himself followed H1980
הֹלֵ֖ךְ himself followed
Strong's: H1980
Word #: 19 of 21
to walk (in a great variety of applications, literally and figuratively)
אַֽחֲרֵ֥י H310
אַֽחֲרֵ֥י
Strong's: H310
Word #: 20 of 21
properly, the hind part; generally used as an adverb or conjunction, after (in various senses)
הַמִּטָּֽה׃ the bier H4296
הַמִּטָּֽה׃ the bier
Strong's: H4296
Word #: 21 of 21
a bed (as extended) for sleeping or eating; by analogy, a sofa, litter or bier

Analysis & Commentary

And David said to Joab, and to all the people that were with him, Rend your clothes, and gird you with sackcloth, and mourn before Abner. And king David himself followed the bier.

This verse contributes to the narrative of Abner Defects and Dies, emphasizing political maneuvering, revenge consequences. This chapter illustrates the complexity of political transition and personal revenge. Abner's defection using covenant language (brit, בְּרִית) contrasts with Joab's treacherous murder, demonstrating how personal vengeance undermines national purposes. The text develops themes of legitimate vs illegitimate authority, the corrupting power of revenge, and maintaining integrity when others act unethically.

Historical Context

The historical setting of 2 Samuel 3 occurs during David's reign (circa 1010-970 BCE) over Israel's united monarchy. Archaeological discoveries, including the Tel Dan inscription mentioning the 'House of David,' corroborate biblical historicity. Ancient Near Eastern customs regarding political maneuvering, revenge consequences provide crucial background. The geopolitical situation involved regional powers—Philistines, Ammonites, Arameans, Moabites, Edomites—as David consolidated and expanded Israel's territory. Cultural practices concerning kingship, warfare, covenant relationships, family dynamics, and religious observance differed significantly from modern Western contexts, requiring careful attention to avoid anachronistic interpretation while extracting timeless theological principles applicable across cultures and eras.

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